Pest Management Strategies to Control Sugarcane Aphid in Grain and Forage Sorghum

PestManagementStrategiestoControl SugarcaneAphidinGrainandForageSorghum MichaelBrewer TexasA&MAgriLife Research DepartmentofEntomology [email protected] http://ccag.tamu.edu/entomology/ http://ccag.tamu.edu/sorghumͲinsectͲpests/

ContactReferences&thanks I.InsecticidesandApplicationTechnology R.Bowling,Extension;J.Gordy(Ph.D./countyagent) Link:Sugarcaneaphidregionalgroup (TX,OK,KS,NM,LA,MISS,AL,TN,GA,SC,NC,MO) II.DecisionͲmaking:thresholds,hybrids,mixedspecies M.Brewer,J.Gordy(Ph.D),M.Way,Research, R.Bowling,A.Knutson,Extension Link:B.Rooney,G.Peterson,Research; N.Elliott,ARS,D.Kerns,LSU;N.Seiter,U.Arkansas; D.Buntin,U.Georgia,T.Royer(OK) III.Economicsandoutreach R.Bowling,A.Knutson,L.Russell,M.Young,S.Biles,Extension M.Brewer,M.Way,J.Gordy,Research

Outline

I. Background:TheAphid,PlantDamage&Distribution II. Firststepstomanagement(Grain&ForageSorghum) Identification,detection,andsampling Insecticides:Efficacy&Registration III. ManagementinGrainSorghum Thresholds Insecticideapplication Commercialhybridsensitivity/resistance IV. ManagementinForageSorghum Insecticideefficacy Culturaloptions Hostplantrangeoftheaphid

Financial supporters (Funding and in-kind)

TexasGrainSorghumBoard USDAStepͲupTraining,Undergrads(TAMUKingsville,DelMarCollege) USDANIFASouthernIPMCenter USDANIFACropProtect&PestManage.,AppliedRes.&Dev. UnitedSorghumCheckoffProgram TAMUCOALSFellowships,Grads Monsanto/Syngenta,harvesting,equipment

I.

Background:TheAphid,PlantDamage,Distribution

Grasses where nymphs & adults were observed: Sorghum, johnson grass, Sorghum-sudan Other sorghum forages No observations on sugarcane (other strain) Observed on corn, but no/little reproduction Some sorghums are great hosts Underside of leaves & stems, Bottom to top of plant G.Odvody/M.Brewer,AgriLifeResearch

Whichissugarcaneaphid? Whichistolerableinjuryand whichiseconomicdamage?

Whichistolerableinjuryandwhichiseconomicdamage?

250Aphids/Leaf

50Aphids/Leaf

500Aphids/Leaf

Thingshappenfast,buttheplantdoesn’tdieimmediately

CourtesyofM.Way/M.Brewer/ G.Odvody,AgriLife Research, R.Villanueva,AgriLife Extension

Pre-flowering arrival/increase

Less grain/ No heads

Aphids/honeydew at harvest

Asexual reproduction, required green host primarily Sorghum sp. Plant damage caused by general plant decline, head emergence problems Honeydew and aphids reduce harvest effectiveness

GeographicRange Video Links

Aug/Sept 2012:SpotsdetectsinSouthTexas

CoastalBendgrowers, IPMofficialsmeeton sugarcaneaphidproblems

Brewer,Way,Villanueva,Kerns,Armstrong

2015 Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis sacchari, Occurrence on Sorghum United States and Mexico September 15, 2015

Lead:RobertBowling AgriLife Extension

OccurrenceofOverwinteringSugarcaneAphidinTexas April24,2015

Overwintering on Sorghum Overwintering on Johnsongrass

GrainSorghumImpactin2014 State

AcreInfested bySugarcane Aphid

SorghumProduction LossesfromSA Infestations

Monetary Lossin production fromSA

SorghumAcres TreatedforSA Infestations

Costfor Treatment

LA

100%

15%(1.8mm bu)

$7.2mm

75%

$1.1mm

AL

100%

20%(0.22mm bu)

$0.88mm

75%

$0.20mm

OK

10%

10%

$0.39mm

GA

90%

15%(0.3mmbu)

$1.2mm

80%

$0.56mm

AR

90+%

15% (1.9mmbu)

$7.7mm

70%

$0.42mm

MS

100%

15%(0.87mmbu)

$3.5mm

70%

$1.1mm

TX

60%

5%(6.4mmbu)

$34.8mm

35%

$10.5mm

South TX

100%

15% (8.7mmbu)

$25.6mm

60%

$8.1mm

w/omanagement:

Upto50% South TX2015

50Ͳ75%

$30Ͳ120mm in yieldsavings 30Ͳ40%

Management: feasible & challenging + Limited in landscape: Sorghum spp. + Damage from general decline, no acute toxicity + Not a vector, or only a potyvirus + Grain value +/- Forage value - Asexual, rapid reproduction - Monitoring challenge: Wind-aided movement Aphids are small / leaves are green

Break for Questions? CoastalBendgrowers, IPMofficialsmeeton sugarcaneaphidproblems

From TAMU Extension

http://ccag.tamu.edu/sorghumͲinsectͲpests/

II.Firststepstomanagement: ¾ ProperID

¾ Dividesamplingeffort ƒ FocusweeklyFastDetection forfirstdetectioninmanyfields ƒ Focus2XweeklyQuickAphidChecker (aphidestimates)ininfestedfields ™ Followinguptoa2monthwindow afterdetectioniscritical

http://ccag.tamu.edu/sorghumͲinsectͲpests/

Courtesy: Robert Bowling AgriLife Extension

Effective Insecticides & Registration Status Early bloom, 15 GPA, Hand-held CO2 sprayer Sinton, Texas 2015, Cooperator: Charles Ring

Transform Treatment

No apparent aphid injury

Untreated Check 56% Yield Reduction

Severe plant injury caused by SCA Delayed maturity

Courtesy: Robert Bowling AgriLife Extension

SIVANTO

TRANSFORM

No benefit of adjuvants added to Primary Insecticide Early bloom, 15 GPA, Hand-held CO2 sprayer Sinton, Texas 2015, Cooperator: Charles Ring

Sivanto: Fulllabelforsorghum(grainandforage) Transform: OnFriday,November13th 2015: •

Alllabelsforsulfoxaflor vacated(courtordered,EPAcomplied)

•

ExistingONͲFARMstockscanbeusedaccordingtothelabel.

•

Allstocksinretailoutletfacilitiescannotbedeliveredorsold.

•

http://www.dowagro.com/enͲ us/newsroom/pressreleases/2015/11/sulfoxͲepaͲ decision#.VkbxroZOLCQ

•

ApplicationisunderwayforSection18onsorghumforSCA management,unknowneffectsofcourtorder

FutureWork: Improvingpenetration Spraytips:hollowcone,flatfan,dualfan Harvestsafeguards Insecticidewithharvestaid Mixedspeciesmanagement Tankmixesatcriticaltimes

Break for Questions? CoastalBendgrowers, IPMofficialsmeeton sugarcaneaphidproblems

http://ccag.tamu.edu/sorghumͲinsectͲpests/

III.ManagementinGrainSorghum ThresholdExperimentforsusceptiblegrainsorghumhybrids 2014 2015

LGC: Corpus Christi, TX NLA: Winnsboro, LA LGC: Lower Gulf Coast (Brewer) Planted: May 1 (2nd planting) UGC: Upper Gulf Coast (Gordy) Planted: July 16 (3rd planting) OK: Oklahoma (Royer) Planted June 4 (2nd planting) NLA: North LA (Kerns) Planted: May 29 (2nd planting) AR: Arkansas (Seiter) Planted June 9 (2nd planting) GA: Georgia (Buntin) Planted June 15 (1st planting)

EarlyPlanting Escapeddamage LGC,UGC,OK,NLA,RA

LatePlanting AphidsarrivedpreͲboot

A.Reyes,C.Stanton,AgriLife Research

Sorghum‘S’Hybrids:ThresholdExperiment Plot size: 40 ft by 4 rows, data taken on inner two rows Action triggers for foliar insecticide (0 GA only), 50, (100 to 125) , 250 & 500 aphids/leaf & UTC Transform (sulfoxaflor) 1.0 oz per acre, 10-15 GPA First aphids arrived at 5-6 leaf, pre-boot Sorghum Hybrids: 2014 LGC: RTX430, 1 spray max NLA: RTX430, 2 sprays max 2015 LGC: Dekalb DKS 53-67, 1 spray max UGC: Dekalb DKS 53-67, 4 sprays max OK: DK53-67, 1 spray max NLA: TX430, irrigated, 2 sprays max AR: P83P99, irrigated, 3 sprays max GA: SS800A, 3 sprays max

Measurements: weekly Aphid density (aphid/leaf) 20 leaves per plot, 10 top-half, 10 bottom-half used quick aphid checker (5-10 min per plot)

Yield

2014,2015ResultsinPictures,Susceptible(TX430,DKS53Ͳ67)

50/100(S) Fewaphids7Ͳ14DAT, noinjury,noyield loss,naturalenemies reduced LGC:1spray UGC:4sprays NLA:2sprays GA/AR:3sprays

250(S) Fewaphids7Ͳ14DAT, sootymolddetected, noyieldloss,abundant naturalenemies LGC:1spray UGC:3sprays NLA:1spray GA/AR:1or2sprays

UTC&500(S) Highaphids7Ͳ14DAT, damagevisible,yieldloss, naturalenemyzoo LGC/UGC:0spray NLA:0spray GA/AR:0or1spray

2015Yield(Susceptiblehybrid)—MaxAphidLoadRegression M. Brewer

J. Gordy

A. Zarrabi/T. Royer

D. Kerns LowerGulfCoast 2nd plant;DKS53Ͳ67

UpperGulfCoast 3rd plant:DKS53Ͳ67

Oklahoma 2nd plant

D. Buntin

Georgia SS800A

N. Seiter

2015YieldLossestimatesinlbs/acre(and%yieldreduction)forevery100aphids/leaf OK:121(6.3),UGC:151(13),LGC:227 (13),AR:314(7.4),NLA:355(7.5),GA:410 (15)

Theplant: WhytheYieldLossresponse CourtesyofDavidBuntin FewerHeads LessGrainonremaining

Values in a feasible IPM management zone, here ET = 0.7*EIL

2015 ET variation 30— 135 aphids per leaf 2014 ET variation 50 — 125 aphids per leaf 2015Example MarketValue $3.50/bushel $6.25/cwt

$5.00/bushel $8.93/cwt

$6.50/bushel $11.60/cwt

Location

ControlCost$15/acre ControlCost$20/acre ControlCost$25/acre Aphids/leaf Aphids/leaf Aphids/leaf EIL ET EIL ET EIL ET

OK UGC LGC AR NLA GA

209 167 111 80 71 62

146 117 78 56 50 43

279 223 148 107 95 82

195 156 104 75 66 57

348 278 186 134 119 103

244 195 130 94 83 72

OK

146

195

171

117

195

136

LGC

78

130

91

AR

56

94

66

NLA

50

83

58

GA OK UGC LGC AR NLA GA

43 113 90 60 43 38 33

137 109 73 53 46 40

244

UGC

102 82 55 39 35 30

72 188 150 100 72 64 55

50 131 105 70 51 45 39

79 63 42 30 27 23

156 104 75 66 57 150 120 80 58 51 44

105 84 56 40 36 31

FromPedigo’s methodEIL =C/(V*I*D*K),C=controlcost,V=$valueofgrain Ksetat0.95astheproportionoftheinsectpopulationcontrolled(takenfromefficacystudies) I*Dislossestimateestimatedfromtheslopeofyield—aphid/leafregression

Use of these thresholds 9 ID, sampling, and estimating aphid load critical 9 ? Insecticide use within same or few days 9 ? Excellent insecticides available

http://ccag.tamu.edu/sorghumͲinsectͲpests/

Picking a specific threshold for you: 2015 ET variation 30— 135 aphids per leaf 2014 ET variation 50 — 125 aphids per leaf One responsible approach: choose an ET in the lower part of the range and adjust as you get more information Location, insecticide cost, grain value

Sampling once ( ET) or twice ( ET) weekly Is hybrid very susceptible ( ET) or less susceptible ( ET) ?? Is it hot and dry ( ET) or rains and natural enemies ( ET) ??

Thresholdadjustments:hybridsensitivity Suspect resistance R TX2783 (2014/2015) Dekalb DKS 37-07 (2015)

NorthernLouisiana Winnsboro, LA 2014

LowerGulfCoast 100

a

A

a

40

20

2X 2X

AB

a

2X

1X

ABC

C 1X

BC

1X never treated

60

a

a 1X

never treated

Yield (bu/acre)

80

never treated

Resistant Susceptible

0 UTC

50

100

250

Action threshold

500

HybridResistance (2016 expectedcommerciallyavailable) (Nov,2015,courtesyB.Bean,UnitedSorghum;D.Kerns,LSU) Hybrid

Hybrid Maturity Approach Source

Maturity Approach Source

Pioneer

83P17(SE) MedͲFull

ͲͲ

S

Alta

AG1201 Early

Pioneer

83P56

MedͲFull

ͲͲ

S

Alta

AG1301 MedͲEarly ͲͲ

S

DeKalb

37Ͳ07

MedͲEarly A,B

S,P

Alta

AG1203 MedͲEarly A

S, P

DeKalb

Pulsar

MedͲEarly A,B

S,P

Sorghum SP7715 MedͲFull Partners Sorghum SPX17414 MedͲFull Partners Sorghum SPX17514 MedͲFull Partners RichardͲ son

RS260E

RichardͲ son RichardͲ son

MedͲFull

A,B

S,P

ͲͲ

S

A

S,P

B

S,P

SprintW MedͲ FG Early

B

S,P

Jower I

B

Full

S.P

A

S,P

Mycogen 627

MedͲEarly A,B

S,P

Mycogen 1G688

Med

A,B

S,P

B&H

BH4100 Med

A

S,P

B&H

BH3400 VEarly

A

S,P

Warner

WͲ844ͲE MedͲFull

B

P

Channel

ͲͲ

Fontanele ͲͲ Other Brands Approaches

Source

A.SeedlinggreenhouseS.Seedcompany B.FullseasonfieldI.Independentprivate C.CharacterizeresistanceP.Publicsector(Univ.) D.Identifygenetics

Field Evaluation of Sorghum Hybrids for Susceptibility to Sugarcane Aphid CourtesyofJohnGonzales,DavidKerns,JulienBeuzelin,SebeBrown LouisianaStateUniversityAgriculturalCenter

Integratedmanagement NaturalEnemies+HostPlantResistance+GoodRains= Lessdamagedsorghumandhigherthresholds(ET)?

250Aphids/Leaf DK53Ͳ67

Ladybugs, Hoverflies, Parasitoids

70Aphids/Leaf DK37Ͳ07

Break for Questions?

IV.ManagementinForageSorghum

No.Aphids/Plant

Sugarcane Aphid Insecticide Efficacy Trial, Sorghum almum Early bloom, 10 GPA, Hand-held CO2 sprayer La Granage, Texas 2015, Cooperator: Andrew Srubar 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

a a

a

UTC a

b

Transform(1.0oz/A)

b

b

Also effective: Sivanto 4 oz/A Nufos 1 qt/A (Chlorpyrifos)

b

Courtesy: Robert Bowling AgriLife Extension

CulturalOptions:Naturalenemies, CourtesyofE.Maxson,J.Woolley,M.Brewer,AgriLife Research

Hostplantrangeoftheaphid

Grasses where nymphs & adults were observed: Sorghum, johnson grass, Sorghum-sudan, S. almum (all in genus Sorghum) No observations on millet, alfalfa, wheatgrasses Observed on corn, but no/little reproduction

G.Odvody/M.Brewer,AgriLifeResearch

ManagementinForageSorghum:Summary Sugarcane Aphids in Forage Sorghum: • • •

• •

• • • •

Use information on grain sorghum infestations to time inspection Know what mixed pests are present: grasshoppers, fall armyworm Short stature forage sorghums (such as Sorghum almum) will benefit from Insecticide treatment (Sivanto,Transform, Chlorpyrifos) Coverage issues may result in poor suppression in taller sorghum such as sudangrass and other forage sorghums General recommendation is to harvest early when tall forages are heavily infested with sugarcane aphid (presence of heavy honeydew accumulation and sooty mold ¼ to ½ way up the plant as a guideline) Sooty mold and honeydew will not deter cattle from consuming the hay. Sooty mold will not harm livestock at levels encountered Effect on hay quality by dense aphid populations and moderate damage not known. Light aphid densities have no effect on hay quality.

Outreach

InͲseason:TurnͲRow,CropTours Grower/trademeetings

TPPA,Ag.Tech.,SeedTrade Ongoing:Maps,TDA,Webinars

RobertBowling,[email protected] AllenKnutson,aͲ[email protected] MikeBrewer,[email protected] http://ccag.tamu.edu/sorghumͲinsectͲpests

Youcandoit:ID,detect,sample,andcomparetothreshold

AndthefuturelookspromisingforIntegratedmanagement NaturalEnemies+SorghumResistance+GoodRains= Lessdamagedsorghum/lesssusceptibletoaphid(ET)?

250Aphids/Leaf

Ladybugs, Hoverflies, Parasitoids

70Aphids/Leaf